CASE 3- Variable and Fixed Costs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CASE 3-Variable and Fixed Costs - Essay Example ch alludes to the costing approach in which all the assembling and direct expenses were apportioned to the items and utilized in the computation of the expenses of stock (opening, in procedure or shutting). All the non producing costs are legitimately charged to the salary explanation and were avoided from the expense of stock (opening, in procedure or shutting). This technique is otherwise called full costing strategy or framework. (Drury, 2004) An option in contrast to this strategy is a variable costing technique. Under factor costing approach the expense of an item incorporates variable (costs that fluctuate with the degree of creation) of creation as it were. All the fixed (costs that are not subject to the degree of creation) are legitimately taken to the benefit and misfortune articulation and not structure the piece of stock cost (opening, in procedure or shutting). It is likewise called as immediate costing framework. (Matz and Usry, 1980) 1. On the off chance that creation in a period rises to the deals in that period, at that point benefits determined under both the strategies are same. The explanation is that the measure of fixed overheads that will be charged to the benefit and misfortune articulation under ingestion costing will be the fixed costs caused during the period, which is likewise charged in the benefit and misfortune proclamation under factor costing technique. In this manner, total compensation under the two techniques will be same. The fixed expenses relating to opening inventories, under assimilation costing strategy, will be conveyed forward to the following time frame, As opening and shutting inventories are same (since deals approaches creation). (Drury, 2004) 2. On the off chance that the creation during the period surpasses the deals during that period, at that point assimilation costing framework brings about higher benefits when contrasted with the variable costing frameworks, since fixed expense relating to the units sold is not exactly the complete fixed expenses for the period (As creation is more prominent than deals and fixed expenses in retention costing are assigned based on units delivered). As under the assimilation

How to Share Your Feelings With Your Spouse

How to Share Your Feelings With Your Spouse Relationships Spouses & Partners Print Why Sharing Feelings With Your Spouse Is Worth the Emotional Risk By Sheri Stritof Sheri Stritof has written about marriage and relationships for 20 years. Shes the co-author of The Everything Great Marriage Book. Learn about our editorial policy Sheri Stritof Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Carly Snyder, MD on January 26, 2020 facebook twitter linkedin Carly Snyder, MD is a reproductive and perinatal psychiatrist who combines traditional psychiatry with integrative medicine-based treatments.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Carly Snyder, MD on January 26, 2020 Gary John Norman / Getty Images More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse Its much easier to share your thoughts, the intellectual information that is in your brain, than your feelings. Sharing the depth of your feelings that are in your heart takes emotional risk and courage. This makes you feel exposed and vulnerable, but, it is the very thing that will create closeness and connection in your marriage.  By sharing what is in your heart with your spouse, you can achieve deeper intimacy.?? Tips on Sharing Your Feelings With Your Spouse Try these tips to help you practice sharing with your spouse. Recognize the difference between thoughts and emotional feelings.  Thinking, also known as cognition is a process that occurs in our heads. It coveys what our thoughts and beliefs  about something.  Feelings, on the other hand, convey our emotional state and is often said to come from the heart.  Feelings can also be physical sensations.Use the I think vs. I feel rule. If you can substitute the words I think for I feel in a sentence, then you have expressed thought and not a feeling. For example, I feel hurt is correct because you would not say I think hurt, right? Someone might say, I feel that he is a jerk is incorrect. You think he is a jerk.  Name the feeling. Use a list of feeling words if this is difficult.  Remember that feelings are one word: sad, angry, hurt, happy, overjoyed, embarrassed, and so on.  Describe the feeling by saying it or  writing it in such a way that your spouse can experience your feeling to the same degree.  One goal is to help your partner understand wha t it is like to walk in your shoes. You likely want empathy and understanding in return for sharing your feelings.Verbalize these feelings with your spouse directly. Your spouse cant read your mind. He or she may pick up on your vibe, but they have no way to know what is in your head unless you disclose it!Accept that feelings are neither right nor wrong. It is the behavior that results because of the feeling that is morally judged. Just because you are angry does not give you the right to be violent. Negative feelings still must be dealt with appropriately.  Accept that feelings come and go and change quickly.  This is different than a mood which is a sustained period of an emotional state.  Try to not judge yourself or your spouse because of feelings.  If you want your spouse to continue to share on this level, it is important not to get irritated or defensive about the feeling expressed to you.  Share your deeper underlying feeling, not just the surface feeling. You might be expr essing anger but underneath feel hurt or embarrassed. This is much more crucial to express to your partner to develop closeness and intimacy.Practice helps. If you are not someone who is used to expressing feelings, this may feel awkward at first. Practicing it in small steps will make it easier. Other Details to Remember Rejecting a feeling is rejecting the person feeling it. Do not say things like Dont worry, be happy or You shouldnt feel that way.Do  not make decisions based on feelings. When decision making, feelings will be a part of the process, but you must think logically and rationally.Share your feelings with each other daily.  You do not have to have deep, serious conversations about your relationship daily, but you do have to share your feelings (not just your thoughts) about what is going on with you day to day. Saying that you were late for a meeting gives the basic information only. But saying you felt embarrassed about being late for a meeting helps you connect to the person you are speaking with!  This needs to be a reciprocal process. You both must share on an intimate level with each other. It cant just be one of you!To be successful at sharing your feelings you need to be open, honest, willing to make time for each other, and receptive to these talks.?? Discussing Your Feelings Each Day

The Growth of E-commerce in India Essay - 2904 Words

BRIEF BACKGROUND If the Internet is anything to go by, the technological and the economic growth of India is moving into the top gear. With an increase in the online shopping registering in India, a 100 percent annual growth, most of the retail chains and consumer durable companies are joining the virtual world to tap the E shopping market. The online shopping industry of India is now fast catching on, not only in the larger metro cities but also in the smaller cities. At present the market is estimated at Rs.46, 000 crore and it is growing at 100 % per year. Total Unique Visitors(000) % Reach Total internet: Total Audience 46,390 100.0% Retail 27,171 58.6% Amazon sites 6,805 14.7% Apple.com Worldwide Sites 3,426 7.4%†¦show more content†¦SUMMARY E-Commerce is a type of virtual industry where the buying and selling of products and services is conducted over electronic systems such as the internet and other computer networks. Basically, it provides a platform to the retailers to display their products virtually for selling in order to increase their overall sale. Earlier, there were no such concepts for the retailers or for the customers to play with. They were restricted to their physical stores for the purpose of buying and selling but now there are many online websites or we can say virtual websites where they can sell their products and increase their sales. Now, not only the retailers are playing with their products even the consumers are also playing with their products. There are online websites where two consumers are dealing with each other, where one is the buyer and the other consumer is the seller. Example- olx. Earlier there were two retailers- physical store retailer and the online retailer. Physical store retailers are those who have their physical outlets and they deal with their customers through their physical outlets/stores and the online retailers are those who deal with their customers through the virtual websites/online websites. But now the store retailers are also starting their online websites to deal with their customersShow MoreRelatedE-Commerce Industry Analysis- Porters1596 Words   |  7 PagesFirm Strategy, Structure and Rivalry | * India’s e retailers have primarily relied on PE funds and venture capitalists * Pricing is the point of differentiation from existing Brick and Mortar shops * Focus on segments like Books and apparels to slowly increase their offerings * innovations in delivery and technology in recent years like Cash on Delivery, CRM * Introduction of Guarantied replacement approach.Rivalry- * Business model is easy to copy * Beginning ofRead MoreEssay On Logistic Industry866 Words   |  4 PagesGrowing Career Opportunities in the Digitally Empowered Logistic Industry of India Logistics comes under the most critical sectors of an economy because this is the sector which provides wheels to innovative business ideas products, and the health of this particular industry determines the overall health of the economy. Logistics acts like the heart of the economy which is responsible for the timely flow of goods and services, any blockage in its way can be significantly dangerous to other vitalRead MoreElectronic Commerce and Page Load Speed1631 Words   |  7 PagesSingh Choudhary The e-Commerce market in India has enjoyed phenomenal growth of almost 50% in the last five years. Although the trend of e-Commerce has been making rounds in India for 15 years, the appropriate ecosystem has now started to fall in place. The considerable rise in the number of internet users, growing acceptability of online payments, the more number of internet-enabled devices and favorable circumstances are the key factors driving the growth story of e-Commerce in the country. TheRead MoreE Commerce Assessment : Olx India ( Olx.in ) Essay1425 Words   |  6 PagesTEEGAVARAPU LALIT MAHESH Student ID : i144409 E-Commerce Assessment : 1 Topic/Company chosen : Olx India (Olx.In) 1. Introduction: 1.1 Name of the company : Olx.in The World s second largest country by population isn t really known for it s internet penetration. That number stands at a lowly 12.6% where people surf the internet only once a month are also counted. Even so, ask any blue collar worker in the nation about Olx.in , and you ll be surprised at how much they knowRead MoreTaking a Look at Flipkart1418 Words   |  6 PagesFlipkart is an Indian e-commerce company founded in 2007, by Sachin Bansal and Binny Bansal and headquartered in Bangalore, Karnataka. It is considered as one of the largest e-commerce company that made online shopping popular in India. In the beginning, Flipkart backbone was to sale online books in India and but they get diversified and expanded into electronic products and many other variety of products. Due to very low penetration of net banking and credit card in India, the cash on delivery modelRead MoreWhat Is The Market Analysis Of The U. S-India Trade?837 Words   |  4 PagesMarket analysis has reviled that the mutual U.S.-India trade grew to total over $100 billion in merchandises and services in 2016, even though there was drop in global trade volumes. The United States remained India’s leading trading affiliate, with exports of American commodities and services to India totaling $42.0 billion (up 5. 8% from 2015), and imports from India totaling $72.9 billion (India - Market Overview India, 2017). The United States is India’s number one export market, and it has aRead MoreEmerging Trends of E-Commerce1054 Words   |  4 PagesPROLOGUE What is E-commerce? The world is moving from the traditional economy that stressed on physical manufacturing of goods to the new economy which concentrates more on knowledge and information than anything. Electronic commerce or e-commerce is an important facet in this regard. E-commerce brings forth a tougher business competition, creation of new marketplaces, faster speed of transactions, and rapid growth in technologies. E-commerce can be generally understood as a terminology to denoteRead MoreIndia s Impact On India Essay1748 Words   |  7 PagesIn recent years, the Information technology sector has really taken-off and boomed up due to various factors such as enormous funding, alliance activities, revolutionarising technology and a rapid increasing domestic market. India had 3100 startups in 2014, its being predicted to increase to 12000 by 2020. The startups in the IT sector has a large contribution in number of startups. The IT sector mainly includes the startups based on Consumer Internet, ads, payments, analytics, cloud services, SaaSRead MoreImpact Of E Commerce Of Fmcg Sector Essay1362 Words   |  6 PagesImpact of E-commerce of FMCG Sector Grocery and FMCG sales together constitute approximately 62% of the Indian retail sales, both unorganized and organized (Modern retail and E-commerce) sectors combined. Organized retail in India is growing its share in India but modern trade has not taken off the way it should have because of various reasons very specific to India. Entire generation of Indian youth is thus directly leapfrogging to e-commerce from shopping in convenience ‘Mom Pop’ stores. ConsequentlyRead MoreIndia s Largest Mobile Commerce Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesPaytm is one of India’s largest mobile commerce. The company started offering mobile recharge and utility bill payments. With 300,000 orders, every day the company has emerged into a top e-commerce business on the track of full marketplace for its consumers on the mobile app. The company follows the mission statement of 100% Assurance with Paytm Trust and Paytm Promise of immediately refunding the money if the consumers have any issue with the product. We analyze the market environment and marketing

What Is a Loan Translation or Calque

A loan translation is a  compound in English (for example, superman) that literally translates a foreign expression (in this example, German ÃÅ"bermensch), word for word. Also known as a  calque (from the French word for copy). A loan translation is a special kind of loan word. However, says Yousef Bader, loan translations are easier to understand [than loan words] because they use existing elements in the borrowing language, whose expressive capacity is thereby enriched (in  Language, Discourse, and Translation in the West and Middle East, 1994). It goes without saying (à §a va sans dire) that English gets most of its loan translations from French. Examples and Observations Vocabulary borrowing from one language into another is a common phenomenon. Sometimes in the case of structurally complex lexical items, this takes the form of loan translation. In such a translation, the literal form of a lexical item is translated bit by bit into another language. It can take place with derived words. The word thriness (threeness) in Old English was loan translated from Latin trinitas during the conversion of the English to Christianity. Compound words can also be loan translated. Current English contains two translations of a German compound noun which show the process clearly. The German word Leberwurst appears half loan translated in liverwurst and completely loan translated in liversausage.(Koenraad Kuiper and Daphne Tan Gek Lin, Cultural Congruence and Conflict in the Acquisition of Formulae in a Second Language.  English Across Cultures, Cultures Across English: A Reader in Cross-Cultural Communication, ed. by  Ofelia Garcà ­a and Ricardo Otheguy. Mouten de Gruyter, 1989)A less well-known form of borrowing involves translations of loan words, such that calques (lit., copies) are produced: the English skyscraper becomes wolkenkratzer (lit., cloud scraper) in German or gratte-ciel (lit., sky scraper) in French; the French marchà © aux puces is taken into English as flea market.(John Edwards, Sociolinguistics: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2013) French, German, and Spanish Calque When we borrowed the French word decalcomanie as decalcomania (and later shortened it to decal; the original French word, itself a compound, contains the morpheme calque), we simply took it over in one piece and naturalized it by means of an English pronunciation. But when we took over the German word Lehnwort we actually translated its two morphemes into English and loanword resulted. In early English, especially before the Norman Conquest, borrowings were far less common than today, and calques far more so. . . . The verb bad mouth . . . is a calque or loan translation: it seems to come from Vai*  day ngatmay (a curse; literally, a bad mouth). . . . New World Spanish has composed a number of loan translations or calques on English models, such as luna de miel (honeymoon), perros calientes (hot dogs), and conferencia de alto nivel (high level conference).(W.F. Bolton, A Living Language: The History and Structure of English. Random House, 1982) *The Vai language is spoken by the Vai people of Liberia and Sierra Leone. Water of Life Whiskey is water of life, etymologically speaking. The term is short for whiskybae, which is another spelling of usquebaugh, from Gaelic uiscebeatha, meaning water of life. In Scotland and Ireland, whisky/whiskey is still called usquebaugh. This is a loan translation from Latin aqua vitae, literally water of life. A dry spirit from Scandinavia is called aquavit. Russian vodka is water, too, from Russian voda (water). Finally, theres firewater, a literal translation of Ojibwa (an Algonquin language) ishkodewaaboo. (Anu Garg, The Dord, the Diglot, and an Avocado or Two. Plume, 2007)

The Effects Of Optimism On Cancer Survival Rate - 926 Words

The previous section has shown that previous study had yielded contradictory results. To account for the inconsistent findings, we have to first understand the inner mechanisms of the effects of optimism on cancer survival rate. Salovey (2000) has proposed various potential casual pathways from dispositional optimism to cancer survival outcomes. One of the potential mediators of optimism and survival outcome might be immune system. In other words, optimism tends to enhance the immune system which in turn enhance cancer survival rate. Indeed, Ah (2007) examines the intimate connections among social support, optimism, and immune response. Ah hypothesized that optimism plays a mediating role for immune response and cancer outcome. 54 cancer patients participated in the study. They completed questionnaires regarding stress level, optimism, and satisfaction social support. Participants’ blood was assessed to measure the immune system (ex., white blood cell such as natural killer c ell. The results showed that only optimism is associated with immune response and cancer prognosis, while perceived satisfaction of social support was not associated immune response. Given that immunology mediate the relationship between optimism and cancer survival rate, it is possible that the inconsistent results of the previous studies might be accounted by mechanisms related to immunology. One possible explanation might be that previous studies looked at different types of cancer, while some typeShow MoreRelatedOptimism And Pessimism And Optimism1439 Words   |  6 PagesOptimism is a disposition or tendency to look to the more favourable side of events or conditions and to expect the most favourable condition (optimism, n.d.). Counter to optimism is pessimism which is the tendency to anticipate only bad or undesirable outcomes (pessimism, n.d.). When looking at optimism it is important to look at the opposing side to emphasis the unwelcome effects of thinking negatively in terms of wellbeing which in the long term could be detrimental to health and prosperityRead MoreThe Effect of an Optimistic Attitude on a Person’s Health1197 Words   |  5 Pagessuccess, feelings and even health. Positive thinking can be the best treatment for those, who don’t know what to do, in a problematic life situation. Optimistic attitude can help the person to live longer, recover faster from the mortal diseases like cancer and coronary heart disease, and avoid alcoholism and psychological problems(like depression). Optimistic attitude is a great way to feel better, even during bad times. The interesting question is, whether it can help the optimistic person to liveRead MoreThe Influence Of Social Support On Oral Cancer2000 Words   |  8 PagesInfluence of Social Support on Oral Cancer Survivorship Introduction Cancer has been a trending topic for many years. About 14.5 million Americans have been diagnosed with cancer (American Cancer Society, 2014). Women make up more than half of that number, with the most common type being breast cancer. The percentage of people who have been living with cancer for more than five years is 64%, with 15% of those survivors having been diagnosed over 20 years ago (American Cancer Society, 2014). With regardsRead MoreThe Innovation Of Cancer Treatment1940 Words   |  8 PagesCancer, since the beginning of history, has plagued humanity and claimed countless lives. For thousands of years, doctors could do little more than watch with horror as their patients succumbed to the often fatal condition. There is still no definite cure for cancer. However, while one might say that treatment is still in its infancy today, therapies have evolved dramatically over the last century. The innovation of chemotherapy marked a turning point in cancer treatment. Dr. Sidney Farber, a pediatricRead MoreThe Power Of Positive Psychology : A Rich And Meaningful Life4243 Words   |  17 Pagesthe results enhance not only the patients’ recovery but also reinforce patient’s awareness, along with the acceptance of their psychological and physical limitations. Keywords: Positive Psychology, positive emotions, diabetes, stress, mindfulness, optimism, self-esteem, positive relationships, forgiveness, spirituality. The Power of Positive Psychology: A Rich and Meaningful Life Even though Positive Psychology only emerged in the last ten years, it is a promising branch in the field of psychologyRead MoreAn Evaluation of Be Clear on Cancer Essay2028 Words   |  9 PagesThe aim of this essay is to evaluate the implications of the recent government health initiative ‘Be Clear on Cancer’. Here, a brief history of why the initiative was introduced in relation to public health and the political agenda will be discussed. However, it is first essential to understand how the modern healthcare has been shaped by historic and recent developments. Furthermore, understanding the influence on healthcare practice of healthcare theories and various models will be investigatedRead MoreThe Inter-Relationship between Stress and the Human Immune System upon Health Outcomes3142 Words   |  13 Pagesmajor changes within the immune system (which can be scientifically measured), and thus affect health outcomes. How groups are affected throughout the life span con tinuum will be discussed, with particular reference to women diagnosed with breast cancer, HIV+ gay men, and the impact of personality types deemed to be at greatest risk. Stress, as defined by Selye (1960), is namely the non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it; a stereotypical, phylogenetically old adaptationRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Chernobyl Nuclear Plant3439 Words   |  14 Pagesenergy is a controversial subject when it comes to energy matters. Theorists argue that the world’s sources of energy are being depleted at such high rates, that the future will not favor humanity. Richard Watson establishes this ethical argument in his work known as Anti-Anthropocentric Ethics: he argues that any ethics should be based on the survival of humanity (Watson 245). Therefore, an inquiry that should be made in line with energy and ethics should consider the question; is modernization worthRead MoreWhat Is Stress7162 Words   |  29 Pagesstress. Some of the most common sources of stress are: Survival Stress - You may have heard the phrase fight or flight before. This is a common response to danger in all people and animals. When you are afraid that someone or something may physically hurt you, your body naturally responds with a burst of energy so that you will be better able to survive the dangerous situation (fight) or escape it all together (flight). This is survival stress. Internal Stress - Have you ever caught yourselfRead MoreEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 PagesSpring represented a considerable departure from the natural history with which she had made a name for herself. Whether this would have been a turning point in her career or merely a detour is impossible to know because Carson succumbed to breast cancer only a year and a half after Silent Spring appeared. What is clear, however, is that her public image was irrevocably transformed. Average Americans came to see her as a noble crusader while the chemical industry would quickly spend more than a quarter

Oliver twist Analysis Essay Example For Students

Oliver twist Analysis Essay As one of the world’s greatest writers, Charles Dickens has written some of the greatest classics such as: Great Expectations, A Tale of Two Cities, and Oliver Twist. In these works, Dickens often uses past experiences in his life, and develops a character that goes through the same kind of struggles. He also uses much satire as comic relief, much like that of someone who is trying to hide behind a mask of joking. Such is the case with Oliver Twist. During his childhood, Charles Dickens suffered much abuse from his parents. Oliver Twist, the main character in the novel, while at the orphanage, also experienced a great amount of abuse. For example, while suffering from starvation and malnutrition, Oliver was chosen by the other boys at the orphanage to request more gruel at dinner one night. After making this simple request, the master aimed a blow at Olivers head with the ladle; pinioned him in his arms; and shrieked aloud for the beadle.The whole beginning of Oliver Twists story was created from memories which related to Dickens childhood in a blacking factory. While working in the blacking factory, Dickens suffered tremendous humiliation, which is expressed through Olivers adventures at the orphanage. In chapter one Dickens uses many techniques to show the Unattractive and repulsive truth. He uses techniques such as satire, sarcasm, pathos, humour and sympathy. In chapter one Charles Dickens makes an observation about Oliver being born in a workhouse. Born in a workhouse is in itself the most fortunate and enviable circumstance that can possibly befall a human being. In this quote Dickens is using sarcasm because being born in a workhouse is clearly a disadvantage. This comment is very sarcastic. As Oliver is born he is spoken of being a Burden and having being imposed upon the parish. Another way that Charles Dickens puts across that the children in the workhouses are not cared for properly and that they are seen as being a problem is the way that Oliver is handled as a newborn baby. It is very likely it will be troublesome. Give it a little gruel if it is says the doctor to the nurse. This is a very cold comment. It is as if Oliver is put to one side. One other point is that the nurse is drunk when she is assisting with delivering the baby. Hastily depositing in her pocket a green glass bottle, the contents of which she had been tasting in a corner with evident satisfaction. Being drunk whilst delivering the baby shows how unimportant Oliver is to the nurse. In chapter one Dickens criticizes the medical profession. The medical gentleman walked away to dinner this shows that the doctor can go off to dinner without a care for the starving children. In chapter two Dickens shows corruption. And she had a very accurate perception of what was good for herself. This comment is about the elderly female who looked after the children. The elderly female took a share of the money that was for looking after the children, she was very corrupt. Dickens describes how Oliver would be farmed to another workhouse. This shows the treatment of the children in the workhouses. The word farmed implies they are treated like some kind of farm animal. In chapter two sarcasm is also used to get Dickens point across, Twenty or thirty juvenile offenders against the poor laws rolled about the floor all day, without the inconvenience of too much food or too much clothing. This is a very sarcastic comment because there is no such thing as an inconvenience of too much food and clothing to children in workhouses. It cannot be expected that this very system of farming would produce any very extraordinary or luxuriant crop. This statement is an extended metaphor. This metaphor says that children who are brought up in a workhouse will not turn out to be any body special. Dickens believed that if you were born good then you can stay good no matter what your circumstance or environment you are in you are in. But nature or inheritance has implanted a good sturdy spirit in Olivers breast. On the other hand it is the same with evil. If you are born bad you will stay bad. .ud4cf90760443420fac2dbd43fffec87a , .ud4cf90760443420fac2dbd43fffec87a .postImageUrl , .ud4cf90760443420fac2dbd43fffec87a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud4cf90760443420fac2dbd43fffec87a , .ud4cf90760443420fac2dbd43fffec87a:hover , .ud4cf90760443420fac2dbd43fffec87a:visited , .ud4cf90760443420fac2dbd43fffec87a:active { border:0!important; } .ud4cf90760443420fac2dbd43fffec87a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud4cf90760443420fac2dbd43fffec87a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud4cf90760443420fac2dbd43fffec87a:active , .ud4cf90760443420fac2dbd43fffec87a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud4cf90760443420fac2dbd43fffec87a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud4cf90760443420fac2dbd43fffec87a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud4cf90760443420fac2dbd43fffec87a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud4cf90760443420fac2dbd43fffec87a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud4cf90760443420fac2dbd43fffec87a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud4cf90760443420fac2dbd43fffec87a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud4cf90760443420fac2dbd43fffec87a .ud4cf90760443420fac2dbd43fffec87a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud4cf90760443420fac2dbd43fffec87a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: English Literature - Blood Brothers EssayCharles Dickens makes a contrast when Oliver is going to see the board. All the men on the board are fat and healthy and Oliver is malnourished and unhealthy. Particularly fat gentleman with a round red face. This comment gives an image of a big fat man with enough or too much food in his belly. In chapter 47 Dickens creates a very evil picture of criminals. With face so distorted and pale, and eyes so bloodshot, that he looked less like a man, than like some hideous phantom, moist from the grave. Dickens uses personification in this chapter. Dickens makes a very negative picture of Fagin and Sikes. Dickens makes Sikes seem inhuman and cold blooded by the way he describes Fagin treats Nancy. Another way he does this is when he is describing Fagin. Fangs as should have been a dogs or rats. Dickens associates Fagin and criminals with filthy animals. When Fagin is telling Sikes about Nancy he uses repetition to wind Sikes up even more. Which she did. Also when Sikes is about to go off to find Nancy, Fagin says You wont be too violent, Bill? . This is reverse psychology because Fagin knows that this will make Sikes do the opposite and be very violent. When Sikes is about to kill Nancy there is a great amount of melodrama there. Nancy is associated with God and when she is pleading she builds up a lot of sympathy because she is defenceless against Sikes. Dickens wanted to portray the unattractive and repulsive truth of existence for the dregs of life and the poor. Charles Dickens did this very well and has used many ingenious techniques to do this. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Oliver Twist section.

Competition in the Australian market for groceries

The price increase of commodities, especially of basic necessities such as groceries is a matter of concern for members of the public. In recent years, sustained criticisms have been leveled against the Australian retail grocery sector because of rising prices of goods.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Competition in the Australian market for groceries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Various reasons have been advanced to explain the reason why the sector has been experiencing the problem over the past couple of years.  Questions have been raised about the role that competition plays in determining prices in the Australian grocery market. A study commissioned by the Australian competition and consumer commission, (A.C.C.C) estimated that two stores; Coles and Woolworths accounted for about 70% of package grocery sales and nearly half of all the fresh food products that were sold in Australia. To comprehensively analyze the groceries market in Australia, it would be useful to apply microeconomic principles. The Concept of Perfect Competition In understanding the concept of Competition in the Australian market for groceries, a critical factor to consider is whether the market is perfectly competitive. A perfectly or purely competitive market is a phrase that is used in reference to a condition or situation where consumers and producers are too many and too small to have the ability to significantly alter the price of goods or services (Machovec, 1995 p3). Essentially it is a state wherein, the buyers or sellers cannot initiate any measure of individual control in determining the prices of goods and services. (Dewar, 2010 p.71-72). A perfectly competitive market is further characterized by having large numbers of producers and consumers who are free to enter and leave the market at will and who all have equal awareness and access to information about the prices, volume, availability and quali ty of goods and services that are being traded (Baumol Blinder, 2007 p.201). Moreover, the perfectly competitive market is distinguished by the fact that the goods or services being traded are homogeneous in nature and thus, it is possible to substitute one product or service for another.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The situation is also characterized by the presence of a complete mobility for the resources that are used in production. It is important to note that the perfectly or purely competitive market exists only as a theoretical framework or model and is impossible for it to be applied in reality (Goldberg, 2000, p.84-87). This description of the perfectly competitive market model makes it abundantly clear that the Australian retail grocery market is not a perfectly competitive market (justfood.com, 2009). This is because; although there is homogeneity in terms of the products being traded and a large consumer base, the market does not conform to the determining characteristics of the perfect competition model. An integral hallmark of the perfectly competitive market model is the fact that it is made up of a large number of buyers and sellers who do not have the individual ability to initiate any measure of control over the prices of commodities and services (Dewar, 2010 p.108). This is not the case in the Australian retail grocery market sector. In an inquiry commissioned by the Australian competition and consumer commission, (A.C.C.C) to determine the competitiveness of the retail grocery prices, it was revealed that the market was dominated by two retail grocery stores; Coles and Woolworths. The statistics indicate that these two stores had a substantial share of the retail grocery market, amounting to about 50% of the fresh food products and nearly 70% of the packaged food sales that were sold in the country. (accc.gov.au, 2008). This im plies that these two stores have virtually cornered the retail grocery market and consequently are in a prime position to determine the retail grocery prices. This is a fundamental deviation from the perfect competition model that is characterized by the fact that no individual buyers or sellers have the capacity to individually affect the prices of goods and services. The Australian retail grocery sector is not a perfectly competitive market because Woolworths and Coles, the largest players in the market have an advantage in terms of getting advance information and awareness about the prices, quality and availability of goods from their suppliers (wotnews.com, 2007). The two organizations enjoy this advantage because they are the largest market for the suppliers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Competition in the Australian market for groceries specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is an advantage that is not e njoyed by other smaller players in the industry. This is in direct contrast to the characteristics of a perfectly competitive market that, according to Goldberg (2000), is characterized by equal awareness to information about the prices, volume, availability and quality of goods and services that are being traded. The fact that the Australian grocery market is not a perfectly competitive market has significant implications for the consumer. In recent years, consumers in Australia have been suffering from the adverse effects of rising grocery prices. This problem has been attributed to the fact that the market has been dominated by Woolworths and Coles, both of which have been criticized for setting high commodity prices and systematically increasing those already high prices. This situation has negative implications on the consumers and urgent intervention is required. Workable Competition Economic theorists have reached the consensus that the concept of perfect competition has nume rous shortcomings and limitations in the determination of public policy. In reaction to this, the alternative theory of workable competition was formulated. The workable competition, also known as the effective competition model was proposed in 1940 by J.M. Clark, a prominent economic theorist. The model is used in reference to a state of affairs that is characterized by the existence of a monopolistic power that exerts a significantly high measure of control over the market; however, the effects of this control are mitigated by the existence of adequate competition that is provided by near-monopolies. This has the effect of protecting the consumers from the effects of a monopolistic system. (Ferguson, 2008 p.78-80). The application of the workable competition model would be more relevant to the Australian retail grocery market because the perfect competition model has been shown to be ineffective in the market. The workable or effective competition model is geared towards protectin g the consumers from the effects of monopolistic practices. (Masters, 1955 p.37).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The domination of the grocery market by Coles and Woolworths implies that these two stores are enjoying what has been described as a duopoly of the market. In recognition of this fact, the workable model that is characterized by the presence of near monopolies that are meant to protect the interests of the consumers would be highly relevant (Ferguson, 2008 p.87). A comprehensive assessment of the Australian retail grocery market reveals that effective or workable competition does not exists in the sector. To justify this contention, it would be useful to examine the presence or absence of several indicators. According to Barthwal (2000) any given industry is said to be workably competitive if it has a number of companies that are selling or providing similar or closely related goods and services and that these companies are not in collusion with each other. Critical examination of the pricing trends adopted by both Woolworths and Coles reveals a level of complicity, especially in pr ice increases. Barthwal further contends that a workably competitive industry is characterized by the fact that the average cost-curve that will be applied to a new investor in the sector will not be significantly higher than that applied to an established company. The situation in the Australian retail grocery market is such that, new investors in the sector have a considerably higher average cost curve than that of established companies, notably, Woolworths and Coles This is because, the two companies have sufficient scale to leverage the costs of supplies. These factors serve to comprehensively justify the contention that the Australian retail grocery market does not conform to the workable competition model. Vertical Integration Retail stores are an integral component of the economy of any given country. Retail stores have the essential function of acting as the link between the manufactures and the consumers of products. The retail stores also have the important functions of ad ding value to products before they are sold to the public and offering the producers a means of selling their products directly and effectively to the public. Research indicates that a majority of profitable retail stores are vertically integrated. Vertical Integration is a micro-economic principle that is used in reference to a situation whereby all the supply chains, production processes, marketing initiatives and all other processes that are involved in the functioning of a company and organization are controlled by a single management or administrative body. Vertical integration stands for procedures in which all steps involved in the contraption and distribution of goods fall under the control of a single firm in order to increase dominance of its market area (Parker, 2007 p.18-20). Vertical integration can be further distinguished into forward and backward integration. Backward integration occurs when a company establishes control or ownership of the suppliers of its products (Vincent, Grantham,1997 p. 315). On the other hand, forward integration is where a company establishes control over the distribution of its products.(Ibid 317) These measures are instituted in an attempt to minimize dependency on distributors and suppliers and also to minimize expenses. Vertical integration is the management style that is the direct opposite of horizontal integration. Horizontal integration is the management principle that is distinguished by the fact that the various processes that are applied in the functioning of a business, company, organization or any other entity are controlled by a multiplicity of functionaries. (Hill Jones, 2010, p.228). Horizontal management also focuses on the expansion of a business at a similar position in the supply chan. In reference to the retail grocery business, the horizontally integrated retail store may sell groceries in addition to a wide selection of non-food items in an attempt to increase profitability. (Miler, 2010 p.12-17) Vertical integration is widely applied in the retail sector because it has several advantages. Vertical integration has the benefit of reducing logistical costs and fostering efficiency in the supply chain. (Grant 2005, p.393) The principle also has the advantage of restricting or limiting the entry of potential competitors into the market by means of having the sole access to a supplier. Vertical integration also ensures efficient supply and distribution of goods. However, the biggest advantage of vertical integration is increases in the profit margin. However, the principle is also associated with a number of disadvantages. Among these is the fact that vertical integration implies the lack of supplier competition and consequently higher costs. Another drawback that is associated with the principle is lack of flexibility and decreased capacity to increase the diversity of products on offer. Furthermore, the fact that vertical integration requires the acquisition of new departments for supply and distribution may lead to increases in the bureaucratic costs. (Parker, 2007 p.27-30) Vertical integration has adverse effects on the competitors in the grocer retail market. This is because, vertical integration enables an established company in the market to limit or restrict the entry of competitors into the market. This is because; the established vertically integrated company may have the sole access to a particular supplier. This is especially problematic in the case of scarce commodities. (Parker, 2007 p.33). To illustrate this fact, the supply of groceries such as gourmet food products for example truffles and caviar is practically impossible for new entrants into the grocery retail market in Australia. The supply problems eventually led some retail grocery stores to be forced out of business. The vertical integration also extended to the fact that Woolworths and Coles had a clause in their lease that restricted the smaller stores from being set up in the same shopping mall (theage.com.au, 2009). However, eventually, this practice was discontinued. In summation, vertical integration has negative impact on competitors. That being said, the most successful strategy for an entrant into the grocery retail business in Australia is the adoption of horizontal integration. Despite the fact that most retail businesses have adopted the vertical integration model, this model would not be well suited for a new entrant into the market, it is best applied by the established companies like Coles and Woolworths. The business should focus on diversification. Offering groceries for sale can be accompanied by venturing into non-food items such as magazines and cosmetics. This is the best strategy to compete in a market that is virtually a duopoly. Payoff Matrix To illustrate the contention that horizontal integration would be the orientation that would be best suited for a new entrant in the Australian grocery retail market, it would be useful to construct a payoff matrix. Adoption of Vertical Integration Adoption of Horizontal Integration Advantages Increased Profitability Efficiency in the supply chain Efficiency in product distribution Product diversity Competition among suppliers Concentration on the company’s core business Disadvantages Limited suppliers Higher logistical costs Higher bureaucratic costs Lack of flexibility Lack of product diversity Decreased profitability Dependency on external suppliers Inefficiency in distribution The payoff matrix reveals that both vertical and horizontal integration have advantages and disadvantages. However, the horizontal integration orientation would be the best option that would enable a new entrant in the Australian grocery retail sector to be successful References Accc.gov. au. (2008). Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. Inquiry into the competitiveness of retail prices for standard Groceries. Web. Barthwal, R. R. (2000). Industrial Economics: An Introduct ory Text Book. India. New Age International Publishing. p.87-88. Baumol, W. J. Blinder, A. S. (2007).  Microeconomics: Principles and Policy.  U.K. Thomson Corporations Inc p.201. Dewar, D. M. (2010).  Essentials of Health Economics. MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers LLC p. 71-72. Ferguson, C. E. (2008).   A macroeconomic theory of workable competition.  California. Duke University Press, p.78-79. Goldberg, K. (2000).  An introduction to the market system: California. M. E Sharpe Inc p.84-87. Grant, R. M. (2005).  Contemporary strategy analysis. MA: Blackwell publishing Inc. p.393. Hill, C. Jones, G. (2010).  Strategic Management Theory: An Integrated  Approach. U.S.A.: Cengage Learning Inc p.228. Just food. (2009). Australian Retail Grocery Market Case Study: challenging the  dominance of Coles and Woolworths. Web. Machovec, F. M. (1995).  Perfect competition and the transformation of economics.  NY: Routledge Publishers. Masters, R. D. (1955).  Workabl e competition: a case study of the relationship  between economic analysis and public policy. MA: Harvard University Press p.3. Miller, F. Vandome, A. F. McBrewster, D. (2010). Horizontal Integration. Canada: Alphascript Publishing, p.12-14. Parker, R. C. (2007).  Vertical integration by grocery retailers: a market structures  Analysis. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin – Madison Press p.18-20. Theage.com.au. (2009).  Coles and Woolworths duopoly to be shelved.  Web. Vincent, T. L. Grantham, W. J. (1997). Vertical integration by grocery  retailers: a market structure analysis. Canada: John Wiley sons inc. p.315-316. Wot- news. (2011). Woolworths and Coles. Web. This essay on Competition in the Australian market for groceries was written and submitted by user Joslyn Carver to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.